What Is Diabetes In Dogs?
When a dog has diabetes, their body cannot manage their blood sugar levels effectively. Glucose is the energy source that keeps everything in their body working normally. Any carbohydrates that dogs eat are primarily broken down in their intestines and absorbed into the blood as glucose (sugar).
Insulin plays a vital role in managing the body’s fuel as it helps glucose move from the bloodstream into the cells of the body. Insulin "unlocks the door" for the blood sugar to move into cells, and without that open door, glucose builds up in the blood.
Dogs with diabetes usually have a problem producing insulin, but in some cases, while they produce enough insulin, their body stops responding to it.
When left uncontrolled, diabetes can make dogs feel poorly and cause serious complications. Noticing the signs of diabetes early can help your veterinarian develop a customized treatment plan that can include a special diet, an exercise routine, as well as lifelong medications.
Signs of Diabetes in Dogs
It is important to note that the signs of diabetes are not unique to this disease. If you suspect diabetes, it is important to see your veterinarian promptly so they can make an accurate diagnosis and advise you on the best treatment plan for your dog.
The most common signs of diabetes are:
- Excessive urination
- Increased thirst
- Increased appetite
- Weight loss
- Lethargy
Excessive Urination
The kidneys normally reabsorb any glucose that has been filtered out of the blood. This helps to keep blood glucose levels in a normal range. When blood glucose levels are persistently high, the kidneys become overwhelmed, and glucose begins to build up in the urine. As this occurs, water will move along with the glucose into the urine, and the dog then starts to make more urine. This is why you notice your dog needs to go out more frequently or perhaps begins to have accidents at home.
Increased Thirst
Because extra glucose leads to the loss of more water into the urine, dogs with diabetes are often thirstier than normal. Increased thirst and increased urination are the 2 symptoms of diabetes that owners notice most frequently.
Increased Appetite
Without the action of insulin helping to move glucose from the blood into the body’s cells, blood glucose cannot be used as fuel by the cells. Because the body still needs fuel to function, fat and muscle are broken down to be used for energy. As the body’s cells recognize that they need more fuel, the diabetic dog is often hungrier than usual.
Weight Loss
It sounds odd, but your dog will be eating more even as you notice they are losing weight, or your veterinarian discovers the weight loss during an examination. The same energy loss that causes diabetic dogs to be hungrier also often causes them to lose weight. This is because their body is breaking down and using fat and muscle as a substitute energy source.
Lethargy and Weakness
When your dog’s cells are not receiving the energy they need, it is not surprising that your dog might not be as active as usual.
Vision Problems
Just like people, diabetic dogs can develop cataracts, which affect their vision and can lead to loss of sight.
Vomiting
In an untreated diabetic dog or one not receiving enough insulin, the body begins to use fats and muscle for energy. This process creates chemicals called ketones, which cause the blood to become more acidic. As the acidity of the blood changes, a serious condition called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) can occur. Some symptoms of DKA include vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Also, you may notice a change in the odor of your dog’s breath, as it smells like acetone.
Managing Diabetes in Dogs
While there is no cure for diabetes in dogs, there are several treatment and management options that allow most diabetic dogs to live a long and happy life.
Ways to manage diabetes in dogs:
- Insulin
- Diet
- Regular exercise
Insulin
Insulin is the core of diabetes management. Many people feel nervous about the idea of injecting their dog regularly, but with guidance, support, and practice, most owners can manage this at home quite well.
Your veterinarian will explain how to handle and store insulin, and how to correctly use the syringes. They will also show you how to draw up the right dose of insulin and how to inject your dog. You will often be able to practice under their supervision with sterile saline instead of insulin, so when it comes to injecting insulin for the first time you feel more confident.
There are different types of insulin available. Some of them are shorter acting, and others last for a longer time. There are times when dogs need a different approach than the one initially provided. Therefore, you should not be surprised if your veterinarian suggests changing the type of insulin to see if your dog responds better or if it takes a while to find the perfect dose for your dog. Many types of insulin involve injecting your dog twice daily, 12 hours apart and usually around their feeding time, though some allow for once-daily dosing.
Consistency Is Key: This means that you need to be sure that someone will be available to treat your dog and feed them at the same times each day.
Diabetic-Friendly Diet
A healthy and balanced diet is also important to help your dog manage their blood glucose levels. Normally high-fiber and restricted carbohydrate diets are recommended for diabetic dogs. It is also important to eliminate any excess weight as required. Your veterinarian will recommend the most suitable diet and the right amount to feed your dog.
Consistency Is Key: Regular feeding times and meals that are the same from one day to the next are important. Feeding a diabetic dog treats or food from your plate should be avoided.
Exercise for Diabetic Dogs
A final consideration is the frequency and intensity of exercise your dog receives. Your veterinarian will be able to advise you how to best manage this aspect of treatment. Sudden increases or decreases in exercise can make blood sugar management tricky. Remember to always take a treat or source of energy with you when you exercise your dog, just in case their blood glucose drops too much–which you will notice as they might become unsteady.
Consistency Is Key: Create a consistent routine to avoid sudden changes in energy requirements. Walks at a moderate pace a few times a day are ideal for many diabetic dogs.
Key Takeaways
Diabetes prevents dogs from controlling their blood sugar properly.
Have your vet confirm a diagnosis if you see any of these signs: excessive urination, weight loss, or lethargy.
The most common signs to look for are increased thirst and excessive urination.
Owners normally learn to inject insulin successfully with guidance and support.
Consistency is key (for treatment, diet, and exercise) to keep diabetic dogs stable.
Recognizing the signs and being diagnosed early by a veterinarian can help you manage your dog’s diabetes.
